![]() ![]() The result of JNK activation largely depends on the context and duration of activation. There are 3 Jnk genes that generate at least 10 isoforms through splicing: Jnk1 and Jnk2 are ubiquitously expressed, while the expression of Jnk3 is specific to the brain, testis, heart, and the pancreas. JNK is a serine/threonine kinase, which is part of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and is an important protein present in all cells for mounting appropriate responses to stress. This review will focus on the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in T2D, as it has been found that the activity of this kinase is elevated during obesity and diabetes and this kinase can induce insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction ( Figure 1). Īlthough the mechanisms linking obesity and the development of T2D are complex and somewhat controversial, the role of inflammatory kinases is currently being investigated as a major factor in both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction. However, once ß-cells start malfunctioning, the fall of compensatory insulin secretion will cause hyperglycemia. Most obese subjects who have insulin resistance are able to compensate for it by increasing insulin released by ß-cells of the pancreas. Not surprisingly, as a result of the obesity epidemic, there is also an increasing incidence of T2D, a disease that is characterized by insulin resistance and a relative defect in insulin secretion. Obesity is associated with increased risk of developing health problems, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, and even neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease. This imbalance ultimately leads to the excessive accumulation of fat. As food that is high in caloric content is becoming more available and technology becomes more efficient, there is a shift towards increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. The prevalence of obesity has substantially increased in the past few decades, now being described as a global epidemic. ![]()
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